Gestalt psychology en.wikipedia.org started with Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Köhler in the early twentieth century, out of Wertheimer's 1912 study of apparent movement, where two lights flashing in turn are seen as one light moving across the gap. From it came a set of grouping principles en.wikipedia.org: proximity, similarity, closure, good continuation and common fate, sitting alongside figure and ground. The famous line about the whole being greater than the sum of its parts is a misquote. Koffka's version was that the whole is something else than the sum of its parts, because summing is a meaningless procedure.
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